Nutritional training in a humanitarian context: Evidence from a cluster randomized trial

Behavioural change communication interventions have been shown to be effective at improving infant and young child nutrition knowledge and practices. However, evidence in humanitarian response contexts is scarce. Using data on secondary outcomes of breastfeeding, water treatment, and knowledge from a cluster randomized control trial of the Yemen Cash for Nutrition programme's impact on child nutritional status, this paper shows that the programme significantly improved knowledge and practices for poor women with young children in the pilot districts. The intervention consisted of cash transfers and monthly group nutrition education sessions led by locally recruited community health volunteers. Data are based on self‐reports by participants. Estimating impacts among all 1,945 women in 190 clusters randomly assigned to treatment versus control and controlling for baseline levels and community characteristic and adjusting for noncompliance with randomization, the programme increased the probability of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour after delivery by 15.6% points (p < .05; control = 74.4% and treatment = 83.6%), the probability of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months by 14.4% points (control = 13.5% and treatment = 25.3%), the probability of households treating water consumed by adults by 16.7% points (p < .01; control = 13.9% and treatment = 23.4%), and treating water consumed by children under two by 10.3% points (p < .10; control = 31.2% and treatment = 37.9%). Impacts on knowledge and breastfeeding are similar for both literate and illiterate women, and water treatment impacts are significantly larger for literate women. This study was registered at 3ie (RIDIE‐STUDY‐ID‐5b4eff881b29a) and funded by the Nordic Trust Fund and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research programme on Policies, Institutions, and Markets.     

2014—2019年四川省通江县居民主要慢性病死亡及早死概率分析

摘 要 目的 分析2014—2019年四川省通江县死因监测数据，了解居民主要慢性病死亡及早死概率等数据，为地区卫生健康工作提供依据。方法 利用2014—2019年通江县死因监测数据，按照国际疾病分类标准(ICD-10)对数据进行分类，采用死亡率、早死概率等指标进行分析。结果 2014—2019年通江县居民慢性病死亡占总死亡的比例为89.99%，其中30~69岁死亡的占慢性病死亡总数的32.69%，总人群、男性和女性慢性病粗死亡率呈上升趋势，年度变化百分比分别为5.04%、4.98%和5.12%，男性慢性病粗死亡率高于女性(x2=123.02，P＜0.01)；主要慢性病死亡占总死亡的82.86%，其中恶性肿瘤粗死亡率呈下降趋势(APC=-3.65%，P＜0.05)，心脑血管疾病、慢性呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病的粗死亡率呈上升趋势(APC=6.39%、9.90%和33.73%，P＜0.05)；主要慢性病早死概率在13.32%~20.51%之间波动，心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、慢性呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病的早死概率分别为7.69%、5.71%、2.28%和0.33%，随着时间变化趋势差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 主要慢性病已成为通江县居民慢性病死亡的主要原因，应采取健全慢性病防控体系、加强慢性病筛查与早诊早治及践行健康生活方式等综合干预措施，降低主要慢性病的影响。     

Effective vaccine management through social behavior change communication: Exploring solutions using a participatory action research approach in the Solomon Islands

Addressing vaccine management bottlenecks, including high vaccine wastage rates, has traditionally been addressed through health worker training and other didactic methods of technical assistance or support as required. It has been shown, though, that the high level of technical skills, expertise, and responsibility required in vaccine handling and management cannot be achieved by mere didactic learning. While gains have been made in vaccine management and handling with these approaches, there remain challenges of high vaccine wastage rates and poor vaccine management practices across the board. Interestingly, approaching vaccine management through social behavior change has not been documented. Through Participatory Action Research (PAR), which is increasingly being used in health sciences, we explore an attempt at strengthening vaccine management and thus reducing high vaccine wastage rates by working together with health workers to identify plausible, realistic solutions to vaccine management through social behavior change. Select health workers directly involved with the immunization program in the four major provinces of the Solomon Islands were identified purposively to use action media and come up with concepts and materials for social behavior change communication that will have an impact on effective vaccine management and reducing wastages. This is the first documented use of such methodology in addressing vaccine management issues.     

Assessing the clinical significance of treatment outcomes for distressing voices in routine clinical practice

Determining reliable and clinically significant change is central to evidence‐based practice yet rarely used in routine clinical settings. This paper illustrates these methods in the context of an evaluation of cognitive behaviour therapy for distressing auditory hallucinations (“voices”). We used data from a clinical sample attending Perth Voices Clinic, a transdiagnostic outpatient service for distressing voices, and a previously published reference sample of healthy voice hearers. Our outcomes on the primary measure of voice distress, derived from a previous factor analysis of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale‐Auditory Hallucinations subscale, showed that 62.9% of clients were classified as Recovered/Improved, 35.5% were classified as Unchanged, and 0.02% were classified as Deteriorated. Partial support for the validity of these classifications was obtained from the scores on the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) but not on the Social and Occupational Functional Assessment Scale (Goldman et al., 1992). Clients classified as Recovered showed better emotional functioning on the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales compared with those who did not make a clinically significant change in voice distress. A tool is provided to assist practitioners to evaluate whether individual clients have benefited from therapy for distressing voices or not, which can be used to guide future treatment decisions ( https://osf.io/gd9e5/ ).     

河南省某地区初中生情绪和行为相关障碍的诊断变化——1年随访

目的研究青少年情绪和行为相关障碍在1年内出现的诊断变化情况。方法于2015年4月采用整群随机抽样方法,从河南省唐河县城郊乡和舞阳县文烽乡的两所中学的初一、初二年级抽取34个班共1 500名学生,采用长处和困难筛查问卷(学生版)(SDQ)进行筛查,对334例筛查阳性者依据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(DSM-5)进行诊断,符合入组标准共75例,共64例完成随访,并于半年后和1年后进行两次随访,再次依据DSM-5进行诊断。结果 9例注意缺陷/多动障碍患者中的3例、12例抑郁障碍患者中的5例、34例焦虑障碍患者中的4例、3例创伤及应激相关障碍中的2例出现诊断变化;其中抑郁障碍比焦虑障碍诊断变化更明显(P=0. 039),多转变为强迫障碍、环性心境障碍、破坏性心境失调等。结论青少年抑郁障碍诊断易出现变化,注意缺陷/多动障碍、抑郁障碍的诊断分别预示其以后更易患上焦虑障碍、双相情感障碍。     

Effects of the frequency of ostomy management reinforcement education on self-care knowledge,self-efficacy,and ability of stoma appliance change among Korean hospitalised ostomates

Patients who undergo stoma surgery experience difficulties in adapting physically and psychologically. The priority is to support them in learning self-care for successful rehabilitation and psychosocial adaption to a new life. In order to do this, it is important to provide ostomates with repetitive reinforcement education on self-care in a continuous and individual manner, not just to increase knowledge or perform related skills. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ostomy management reinforcement education (OMRE) in ostomates and to identify the optimal frequency of reinforcement education using an equivalent control group post-test design. Participants were 60 ostomates admitted to a university hospital after ostomy formation surgery, and they were randomly assigned to a control and two experimental groups of this study. The OMRE was given to the control group (n = 20), experimental group 1 (n = 20), and experimental group 2 (n = 20) once, twice, and three times, respectively. Participants' self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and ability of stoma appliance change were evaluated before and after the OMRE. Major results of this study were as follows: the self-care knowledge score of post-test was higher than the pretest in the control, experimental 1, and experimental two groups (P < 0.001). The self-efficacy score of post-test was higher than the pretest in the control, experimental 1, and experimental 2 groups (P < 0.001). The self-care knowledge score according to the frequency of OMRE did not differ among the control, experimental 1, and experimental 2 groups (F = 1.921, P = 0.156). The self-efficacy score according to the frequency of OMRE was significantly different between the control and experimental groups (F = 8.616, P = 0.001), but there was no difference between the experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups (Scheffe's post-hoc analysis: a < b, c). The ability of stoma appliance change score according to the frequency of OMRE was significantly different between the control and experimental groups (F = 49.546, P < 0.001), but there was no difference between the experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups (Scheffe's post-hoc analysis: a < b, c). Results of this study suggested that the OMRE was effective for promoting hospitalised ostomates' self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and ability of stoma appliance change, and two sessions of the OMRE was the most effective. Findings of this study may be useful in planning education programmes designed to improve self-care ability for hospitalised ostomates.     

生育政策调整前后贵州省某三甲医院 分娩产妇特征变化分析

目的通过分析生育政策调整前后分娩产妇的人数及特征变化,了解政策实施效果,为加强产妇规范化管理提供依据。方法通过摘录首页病历资料的方法,选取2014—2017年贵州省某三甲医院产科住院分娩产妇信息,对各年份住院分娩产妇的特征变化进行比较分析。结果近四年,入院分娩人数总体呈上升趋势,共增加410人,增长率为11.61%,平均生产年龄逐年上升(P0.05);高龄产妇人数、生育二孩人数呈逐年上升趋势(P0.05);高危因素发生情况发生变化,瘢痕子宫、胎儿宫内窘迫、妊娠糖尿病以及甲功异常产妇发生率逐年上升(P0.05),胎膜早破、妊娠高血压、巨大儿以及肝内胆汁淤积症等产妇发生率呈下降趋势(P0.05),患有两种或两种以上高危因素产妇发生率增加。结论生育政策调整后,尤其是"全面二孩"政策的实施,促进育龄期妇女的生育积极性;重视患有多种高危因素的产妇,加强对高龄、二孩产妇、瘢痕子宫、胎儿窘迫、妊娠糖尿病以及甲功异常等高危产妇管理;加大产科投入,满足孕产妇卫生需求及提升面对高危产妇应对能力,保障产妇及新生儿生命健康。     

活化蛋白C、脑钠肽及APACHE Ⅱ评分在老年重症肺炎患者中的动态变化及与预后的相关性

目的探讨活化蛋白C（APC）、脑钠肽（BNP）及急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHE Ⅱ）评分在老年重症肺炎患者中的动态变化，并分析其与预后的相关性。 方法选取2016年6月至2018年6月于成都市西区医院诊治的288例老年重症肺炎患者为研究对象，根据患者28天生存情况分为生存组（168例）和死亡组（120例）。用化学发光法和酶联免疫吸附法检测各组患者血清APC和BNP表达水平，用APACHE Ⅱ评分评估各组患者预后，分析两组患者入组后第1天、第4天和第7天APC、BNP和APACHE Ⅱ评分的动态变化；应用Logistic回归分析影响老年重症肺炎预后的危险因素，采用ROC曲线分析3项指标联合预测老年重症肺炎预后的价值。 结果与死亡组患者相比，生存组患者入组后第1天、第4天和第7天BNP水平[（494.62 ± 34.82）pg/ml、（318.42 ± 27.42）pg/ml和（274.61 ± 20.84）pg/ml]和APACHE Ⅱ评分[（24.05 ± 4.82）、（18.62 ± 3.71）和（12.13 ± 2.62）]显著增高，差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.001），但APC水平[（289.34 ± 18.39）ng/ml、（357.64 ± 32.71）ng/ml和（427.25 ± 18.45）ng/ml]则显著降低，差异均有统计学意义（t = 5.512、35.499、78.552，P均< 0.001）。生存组患者随住院时间延长，其BNP水平与APACHE Ⅱ评分逐渐降低（F = 24.538、P < 0.001；F = 12.945、P < 0.001），而APC水平则逐渐升高（F = 23.947、P < 0.001）。死亡组患者随住院时间的延长，其BNP水平[（749.14 ± 42.92）pg/ml、（814.62 ± 50.47）pg/ml和（904.25 ± 57.15）pg/ml]与APACHE Ⅱ评分[（28.34 ± 5.17）、（34.51 ± 6.35）和（39.55 ± 7.32）]逐渐升高，差异有统计学意义（F = 15.302、P < 0.001，F = 10.389、P < 0.001）；而APC水平[（276.23 ± 21.84）ng/ml、（226.38 ± 28.26）ng/ml和（183.43 ± 33.81）ng/ml]逐渐下降，差异有统计学意义（F = 34.165、P < 0.001）。生存组和死亡组在吸烟史[36.90%（62/168） vs. 53.33（64/120）]、慢性呼吸系统病史[（46.43（78/168） vs. 65.83（79/120）]、氧分压[（83.27 ± 6.92）mmHg vs. （76.82 ± 8.65）mmHg]及机械通气方面[35.12（59/168） vs. 52.50（63/120）]，差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 7.677、P = 0.006，χ² = 10.630、P = 0.001，t = 9.881、P < 0.001，χ² = 8.661、P = 0.003）。Logistic回归分析显示，机械通气（OR = 4.627，P < 0.001）、APC（OR = 2.637，P = 0.012）、BNP（OR = 3.325，P = 0.005）和APACHE Ⅱ评分（OR = 4.831，P < 0.001）均为影响老年重症肺炎预后的独立危险因素。ROC曲线显示，与APC、BNP或APACHE Ⅱ评分单项指标预测比较，3项指标联合预测老年重症肺炎死亡的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值（89.42%、81.61%、84.72%和86.03%）均显著升高。 结论APC、BNP和APACHE Ⅱ评分在老年重症肺炎疾病转归中变化明显，为影响老年重症肺炎预后的独立危险因素，3项指标联合可显著提高其预后预测价值。     

从认知到行动——浅谈中国医疗健康机构应对气候变化和减少碳排放的措施

介绍了医疗健康机构应对气候变化的必要性,梳理了影响医疗机构碳排放的主要因素,列举了一些国家案例来阐释减少医疗服务碳排放的可能性,最后指出了医疗健康机构在实施温室气体核算和报告过程中须要注意的问题。